Everything you need to know about European flax
Flax, the plant source of the fibre, is grown on a wide swath of coastal land in Western Europe stretching from Normandy (France) to Amsterdam. Its high-quality results from a naturally humid climate and producers’ know-how over thousands of years. Its production is deeply rooted in the area.
Flax, a bio-based material
Bio-based products come from the living world and flax is an example. This plant fibre allows for the extraction of molecules and materials for the manufacture of a variety of products.
Flax and flax fibre classification
A distinction between the two important flax families was made at the end of the 19th century. Fibre flax, promoted by the Alliance, is distinct from oilseed flax.
flax fibre
Fibre flax
The properties of flax fibre
Flax fibres are known as bast fibres, indicating they are taken from the stems of plants and not their flowers. After the harvest, flax farmers bale the flax and transport it to the scutching mill. On site, workers operate machines to extract the scutched flax fibre.
The precise movements of the workers go hand in hand with the precision of their machines. While the textile industry prefers long fibres, it also uses short fibres for certain products.
Both types of fibres (long and short) can be found in flax composites. Short fibres are notably used in insulation materials, paper products and even banknotes.
Shives can be used for mulch, fuel and animal bedding. As for flax seeds, they can be reused for planting the next crop or processed to produce nonedible products such as solvents and oils.
The uses of flax fibre
The textile sector prefers to use the longest flax fibres. They have a myriad of properties: they are soft, strong, moisture absorbent and thermoregulating. Through their work and commitment to research and innovation, European spinners and weavers can obtain a wide variety of yarn textures. This lends itself to use in all hybridisations and finishes.
Jersey, knitted on circular knitting machines and then cut and sewn, is typically used to make T-shirts. Oiled linen cloth can be used to produce clothing and equipment for outdoor use which helps to enhance its water repellent properties.
Oilseed flax
The properties of flaxseed
The seeds of the plant can be crushed to extract their oil which can then be used in nonedible industrial applications and as an energy source. The meal co-product is used as animal fodder.
The uses of flaxseed
Linseeds are used mainly in animal feed. Rich in lipids, they are also used in the production of edible oils and cosmetics.
Flax, a responsible fibre
Flax fibre is characterised by circularity: 100% of the plant is valued.
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100% mechanical extraction
100% mechanical and zero waste fibre extraction: all parts of the plant are used (fibre, shives, seeds, dust).
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Renewable resource
Certified and GMO-free seeds, low-input crop (reasoned use of pesticides and fertilizers), this plant helps preserve soil quality.
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Zero irrigation*
from sowing to harvesting including dew retting (versus water retting)
*barring exceptional circumstances -
Local and traceable
Flax is a local fibre. Three-quarters of global production take place in Europe. Flax grows along a coastal strip of land that stretches from Caen to Amsterdam, and France is the number one producer in Europe. European traceability is guaranteed by two certifications: European Flax™; and Masters of Linen™ - which confirms that linen textiles are processed in Europe by European businesses.
Flax production areas
Linen-Flax is grown in Western Europe, on a wide coastal strip stretching from southern Normandy to northern France, from Belgium to the Netherlands. The naturally humid oceanic climate, the generous soils and the historic flax growers’ know-how contribute to the European flax quality. Today, 3/4 of the scutched flax fibre world's production comes from Western Europe, and France is the world leader in its production. A sector of excellence, the flax industry creates skilled local agricultural and industrial jobs in Europe, in compliance with international labour standards.
Flax-Linen: a historical perspective
36,000 BCE
Flax-linen is the oldest textile material. Fragments of flax fibres were discovered in a cave in the Caucasus.
356-323 BCE: Alexander the Great’s linen armour
Worn by the Greek soldiers of Antiquity, this armour was known as the linothorax. It was made up of between 15 and 20 layers of linen, which was already prized in the Mediterranean for its lightness, ability to absorb sweat, and thermoregulating properties.
13th century: the cloth of kings
Although it was likely woven even before the Roman period in the Cambresis region of France, local weaver Baptiste Cambray is remembered as the inventor of a weaving process used to produce a fine fabric known as batiste, lawn or toilette. Exported to Italy, Spain and Flanders, and popular among monarchs, it became known as the cloth of kings.
1810: Industrial Revolution
Philippe de Girard, a French inventor and engineer, participated in a challenge set by Napoleon to devise a more efficient method for spinning flax while ensuring higher quality than pulling machines. This is how, in 1810, he invented the flax spinning machine. Bankrupted by his research, he began to accept orders from abroad and opened a flax spinning mill in Austria before moving to Poland.
copyright Alliance B. Millot 2010: Linen knits
The innovation that led to the creation of linen knits opened up new avenues for use in ready-to-wear. Linen jersey is fine, supple, light, and breathable. It is often used in T-shirts, sweatshirts, or, more recently, undergarments. It is included in most ready-to-wear collections.
copyright Bcomp Inc. Today and tomorrow: flax in composite materials
Some composite materials are made of flax fibre and resin. Flax ensures low density and high specific stiffness. It also absorbs vibrations by serving as an effective thermal and acoustic insulator. Because of these properties, European flax fibre is an essential constituent in a variety of spheres such as sports, transportation, sailing, construction, and leisure. Boosted by the rise of human-powered mobility, flax is used to make bikes, helmets and longboards.
Linen, Fibre of Civilisation(s)
Collective work under the direction of Alain Camilleri
Co-publishing Actes Sud / Alliance for European Flax-Linen & Hemp
Linen, Fibre of Civilisation(s) is a ground-breaking collective work that brings together the expertise of archaeo-botanists, archaeologists, historians, scientific laboratories, designers, and industrialists, with European farmers, scutchers, spinners and weavers. The book highlights the multiple identities of flax-linen and its millennia-long history. It's a richly illustrated saga, with an editorial approach that illustrates the original dialogue between past and present. The book also highlights another topicality, a reputation inversely proportional to its weight in the world's textile fibre supply - less than 0.5% - whose international craze bears witness to consumers expectations in search of ethics and traceability, sustainable development, and a renewable resource.
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